The Unexpected Visitor A Narrative Fiction Essay

The Unexpected Visitor It was a rainy night. The dark clouds blocked the moon light from hitting the ground. Down on Earth, the Evergreens and other plants and trees shook violently in the wind. The rain water from above crashed onto them violently. The ground was covered with leaves and broken branches, barely visible during a night like this. There was also a great amount of fog throughout the woods. The huge mountains in the East were barely visible from here. There was a small town nearby, just across the road. The small trees around the houses were being illuminated by the faint lights of the lanterns that were put outside. Everything was silent, for it was late at night. There was a sudden chill in the air, much colder than†¦show more content†¦He looked out, but there was nothing there; the road was clear. â€Å"Hmm! It was nothing. Probably a bunch of wolves,† he said to himself in his deep voice. There was some scratching noise outside of his room, and he walked angrily to open the door. He looked out; all the lights were off. He switched them on and saw the black figure standing a few feet in front of him. He accidently switched off the light, and realized his mistake. He turned the lights back on. There was nothing there. â€Å"I must be seeing things!† he exclaimed. Connor heard a woman’s voice call out his name. â€Å"Connor, help me! Someone! Please! Help!† said a bloodcurdling voice. He walked further into the room and tried to keep his eyes open. Everything was where it was supposed to be. He checked the kitchen. Nothing. He checked the stairway. Nothing. He even went downstairs and into the living room. Nothing. After that, he went and checked the doors and windows. He made sure everything was sealed shut. â€Å"Hello? Who is it? Hello?† There was no answer. And as he walked to check the last window, he saw his reflection. But the thing was , there was the dark figure again. Connor quickly turned around and started sweating. His heart was beating like crazy. He calmed down and became more vigilant. He looked around and saw it again, but it disappeared. â€Å"Who is it? Who are you?! What do you want from me?† cried Connor out of fearShow MoreRelatedJohn Updike’s A P, Richard Wright’s The Man Who Was Almost a Man, and James Joyce’s Araby1295 Words   |  6 Pagesyoung attractive girls into the supermarket, â€Å"In walk these three girls in nothing but bathing suits†¦They didn’t even have shoes on†.(864) Sammy is mesmerized by their presence that he cannot do his job. The supermarket manager, Lengel, scolds the visitors by exclaiming â€Å"Girls, this isn’t the beach†.(867) Within the few moments after Sammy dramatically quits his job in protest of the quite impolite treatment by Lengel he says to himself â€Å"†¦and my stomach kind of fell as I felt h ow hard the world wasRead MoreThe Unreliable Narrator in Agatha Christies the Murder of Roger Ackroyd2057 Words   |  9 PagesPage 1 of 5 The drawing of narrative inferences by the reader is very important to interpret the work well. However, the author, while writing a story, can treat some incidents in detail and barely mention or even omit others. He may distort these incidents, may not observe chronological sequence, he can use messengers or flashbacks, and so on and so forth. The function of resorting to these varied narrative techniques is to emphasize or de-emphasize certain story-events, to interpret some and toRead MoreThe Mistress Of Spices By Chitra Lekha Banerjee Divakaruni Essay1903 Words   |  8 Pagesactivist and professor who is famous for her Magic realism novel The Mistress of Spices. Her short story collection- The Arranged Marriage won an American book award in 1995. She has covered varied genres in her work including Realistic fiction, Historical fiction, Magic realism and fantasy. Her themes include the Indian experience, contemporary America, women, immigration, history, myth, and the joys and challenges of living in a multicultural world. Divakaruni s work has been published in overRead MoreAnalysis Of Truman Capote s Cold Blood 1542 Words   |  7 Pagesliving members of the Clutter family, their neighbors, their murderers, and the detectives on the case. It is widely regarded as the first non-fiction novel, and explores the motives and consequences in a horrendous murder case from many perspectives. In order to question commonly held moral absolutes, Capote adds dimension to the standard murder trial narrative and forces the audience to understand the nuances and intricacies of an unfathomable situation by humanizing both the victims and perpetratorsRead MoreThroughout History Numerous People Have Had The Label Of1985 Words   |  8 Pagesis more uncommon than in the 12th and 13th century, where these heroes emerged as warriors and knights in great battles. These battles are often produced into literature and are commonly seen within epic poems, meaning a long and s erious poetic narrative featuring a hero in a variety of significant events. In order to be considered an epic hero, the characters must conquer nearly impossible tasks, resulting in saving the lives of many. Epic heroes all share similar qualities, such as not being afraidRead MoreA Short History of Nearly Everything6112 Words   |  25 Pagesvery impressive. Not all readers will consider it sublime, but it s hard to imagine a better rough guide to science.  · John Waller is research fellow at the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine and author of Fabulous Science: Fact and Fiction in the History of Scientific Discovery (OUP) |    Home    |    Books    |    Reports    |    Reviews    |    Contact Us    |    Virtual Astronomer    |    Press Releases    | A Book Review of†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨A Short History of Nearly Everything†¨by Bill Bryson†¨Broadway BooksRead MoreNoughts and Crosses14387 Words   |  58 Pagesfeeling when a class are truly engaged in the reading of a really good book. Those moments stay with you forever – indeed, they fuel the desire to find another such book to repeat the experience, again and again. Fortunately, contemporary writers of fiction for young adults continue to offer us fresh opportunities to enjoy literature with our students. Oxford Rollercoasters is a series that offers teachers the opportunity of studying first-class novels – recently written for teenagers – as whole-classRead MoreMarketing Communication in the Hospitality Industry34407 Words   |  138 PagesStorytelling....................................... 48 iv 5.2.3 The Implementation of Storytelling ................................... 49 5.2.4 The Delivery of the Story .................................................. 49 5.2.5 Storytelling – Truth or Fiction?.......................................... 50 5.2.6 Possible Problems with Storytelling.................................. 51 5.3 Storytelling and Marketing Communications ............................... 52 5.3.1 Storytelling in the CommunicationRead MoreFrankenstein Study Guide14107 Words   |  57 Pagesand psychological balance. With its wild and desolate settings and its supernatural being, Frankenstein is an example of the gothic novel. With a scientific fantasy at the center of its plot, the novel is also regarded as a forerunner of science fiction. Parts of this novel refer to people of various racial and religious groups in ways that students may find to be offensive. You may wish to point out that at the time when Shelley was writing, people typically had little access to information aboutRead MoreLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 Pagestop. He resented the presence of white U.S. Marines at Port-au-Prince, stationed there to enforce the Monroe Doctrine and to prevent European colonization in the Americas. Hughes thought the Marines protected American business. He received an unexpected letter from his father, their first communication since 1922. Jim Hughes said he liked Langstons novel Not Without Laughter, except for the Negro dialect, and he expressed amazement that Langston could support himself by writing. Jim urged his

A Summary of quot;The Perils of Obediencequot; Essay

In The Perils of Obedience, Stanley Milgram conducted a study that tests the conflict between obedience to authority and ones own conscience. Through the experiments, Milgram discovered that the majority of people would go against their own decisions of right and wrong to appease the requests of an authority figure. The study was set up as a blind experiment to capture if and when a person will stop inflicting pain on another as they are explicitly commanded to continue. The participants of this experiment included two willing individuals: a teacher and a learner. The teacher being the real subject and the learner is merely an actor. Both were told that they would be involved in a study that tests the effects of punishment on†¦show more content†¦Gretchen Brandt was a subject in the experiment who supported Milgrams and other psychologists predictions regarding the outcome. She demonstrated that a person with a resolute state of mind would use their moral judgment and not inflict pain on another person. Throughout Brandts experiment, the learner complained about the shocks, stating he had a heart condition. After Brandt administered 210 volts, she told the experimenter that she didnt believe they should continue. The experimenter calmly instructed her to continue until the learne r had learned all the word pairs correctly. Brandt was firm with her decision and stated she believed the shocks were hurting the learner. She refused to administer any more shocks, and the experiment ended. Many various members of the populace who believed that only a few would rais it to the highest level of 450 volts, were wrong in their predictions. The majority of subjects obeyed the experimenters orders to the very end of the experiment by administering the highest voltage three times. As the first experiments were conducted on Yale undergraduates, some believed that the results were inconclusive due to the competitive nature of the students. However, the results of the experiment were the same when Milgram tested ordinary people. When the experiments were repeated in other areas of the world, the level of obedience was even higher than those

Consequences of IFRS Adoption in Australia-Samples for Students

Question: Does the Current Accounting Framework meet the needs of the users of Financial Reports as prescribed in the Objective of the Conceptual Framework of Accounting? Answer: In order to understand a business a person must know the language of accounting. Accounting helps to analyse and review the financial performance and position of the enterprise. This process helps to see whether the management of the company are working in the best possible way and whether appropriate outcomes are available (Harrison, Horngren and Thomas, n.d.). Let us now know some of the significance of the accounting process: The financial statements which are prepared with the help of the accounting process helps to know about the actual performance and position of the company. The preparation of the financial statements enables comparability which means that the performance of the past few years can be compared with the performance of the current years. The cash flow statement forms a part of the financial statement and therefore the company can manage the amount of cash inflows and cash outflows which will also help the management in decision making (Ittleson, 2009). It can be checked that whether the company is paying off its dues in time or not. For example- paying of taxes to government on time, paying to the creditors. This process enables us to collect the quantitative as well as qualitative information about the company which further helps in certain decision making. Conceptual Framework of Accounting An accounting process needs implication of certain standards. These standards are set up using various rules, ideas and certain objectives. This standard guides the accounting process so that the financial statements are presented in a manner which reflects true and fair position of the company. The accounting framework is developed on the basis of: Setting accounting standards. Computing the accounting future discourses. Maintaining consistency in following the principles. The IFRS and IASB are the private sector organisations that are not involved in trading activities that is involved in the setting up of standards. These standards are the guidelines to the accounts preparers of how to prepare financial statements. There are wide range of users to whom these information is useful (Kimmel, weygandt and kieso, a.d.). The conceptual framework that was framed by IASB began in the year 1973 in the United States which resulted in evolution of the accounting standards, rules and regulations. Adoption of IFRS In order to understand the concept of IFRS better, we need to note the following few points: The firms are quite knowledgeable about the international standards and IFRS has narrowed the gap between them and accounting standards which has also given the companies an opportunity to invite global investors (libby, libby and hodge, 2017). IFRS states that there should be proper disclosures for every accounting treatment made in the books of accounts as it will give the users transparent information about the company (Libby, Libby and short, n.d.). The two basic principles on which the IFRS is based is valuing the items fairly as it will lead to following the principle of conservatism. The IFRS enables comparability of the accounts that are prepared as there are different enterprises that follow different accounting policies. According to the prudency concept of accounting, the accountant should never understate the amount of expenses or liabilities and should never overstate its profits and gains even if there is a presence of uncertainty. The currently followed prudency concept has been over ruled by the new conceptual accounting framework. The prudency concept states that it should take into consideration the present story line and should not get into huge details. It is the duty of the company to give relevant and appropriate information to a wide range of users. This is highly promoted by the newly formed framework of accounting. After studying a lot of examples and specimens we can draw a conclusion that the concept of prudence has also been involved in the IFRS(Loughran, 2011). The prudency concept has been widely accepted and should be properly re assessed. Taking into consideration the annual reports of the two know known companies for the year 2016, the following report has been prepared: First company- TPG Telecom limited. Second company- Woolworth Group. The financial statements prepared by these two companies has been complying with the globally accepted international financial reporting standards (IFRS) which is adopted by the International accounting standard board. Both the companies that have been stated above prepare their financial statements in accordance with the Corporations act 2001 as well as accounting standards of Australia as their major objective is to provide useful information to a wide range of users (spiceland, Thomas and Hermann, n.d.). TPG telecom limited did not adopt any new standards in the year 2016 whereas Woolworth group adopted certain standards which will be explained later. However, There is a presence of certain standards that is yet to be adopted or issued and these standards are expected to have some material affects on the books of accounts of the companies. Now let us discuss the two standards that were adopted by the Woolworth group in the year 2016. It was found that the adoption of these standards did not affect any accounting treatment of the present time or the past periods (Weygandt, Kieso and Kimmel, n.d.). ADOPTION OF AASB 2015-2 - The adoption of these financial statements brings certain changes relating to the presentation of the financial statements and also about the important disclosures that are demanded by the AASB 101. ADOPTION OF AASB 9- This accounting standard basically deals with hedge accounting and also the risk management framework of the company. The introduction of this accounting system did not affect the books but a disclosure was required which was stated in note 25 of the notes to accounts. There are some common accounting standards on which both the companies are assessing the impact of adoption to see what impacts it may have on the financial position of the company. Those common standards are mentioned below: AASB 9- These accounting standard deals with the classifivation of the financial instruments. It also deals with the measurement of the debt instruments. In order to find out the impairment cost of the financial assets, an expected credit loss model has to be prepared (Downers and Goodman, 2010).. AASB 16- This standard deals with the treatment of leases in the accounting process. We can see that a change in the accounting ratio has been observed in case of Woolworth group. As per this standard, there lies no difference between the operating and the financing leases (Finance for managers, 2007). All the leases of the company will be considered to be an asset f the company and to balance it a liability will arise which will reflect the present value of the unavoidable payments relating to that lease. The lease payments that earlier were treated as an operating expense will now be treated as depreciation and if there is a presence of any interest then it will be treated as an expense in the income statement of the company. AASB 15- There is always a contract between the customers and the company. This accounting standard deals with the revenue generated from such customers. There are two ways by which the company can record the revenue- Firstly, on the time. Secondly. Over the time. So,we can say that it basically deals with the extent and timing of recognising the revenue in the accounts (Knight and Satchell, 2002). The two companies that has been stated by me above are analysing the financial position after the adoption of certain new accounting standards.. However, the financial statements have become more evident for the users for the purpose of decision making. Consequences of IFRS Adoption in Australia Converting or making changes is no less challenge than a war. Let us now look upon the most popular issue which is the adoption of IFRS in Australia and the impacts relating to it. The Australian accounting standard board has been lately studying and analysing the consequences as a result of adoption of new standards by the listed companies of Australia (Weaver, 2014). The following things could be analysed about the companies; The adoption of IFRS has made the information relating to a company more accurate and transparent which has been proved beneficial to the investors as well as the analyst. The accounting convergence which is a result of the permission granted by the managers reflects a huge number of possible benefits. The adoption of IFRS has made the comparability easier as it has helped in comparing with the competitors all around the world. There lies certain exception to this case and therefore, all the research work does not show the same result. The accounting information has become more relevant and reliable after the adoption of standards issued by IFRS. It has also been observed that a consistency has been maintained with the accounting quality. However, the accounting treatment of the intangibles were more appropriate as per the old standards i.e. AGAAP. It is too early to state all the positive impacts of the adoption of IFRS. There are many areas that are yet to be covered and studied in depth. There is still a huge scope of further study and research in order to know more about the consequences that has affected the Australian companies. References Downes, J. and Goodman, J. (2010).Barron's finance investment handbook. Hauppauge, N.Y.: Barron's Educational Series. Finance for managers. (2007). Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press. Harrison, W., Horngren, C. and Thomas, C. (n.d.).Financial accounting. Ittelson, T. (2009).Financial statements. Franklin Lakes, NJ: Career Press. Kimmel, P., Weygandt, J. and Kieso, D. (n.d.).Financial accounting. Knight, J. and Satchell, S. (2002).Performance measurement in finance. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Libby, R., Libby, P. and Hodge, F. (2017).Financial accounting. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. Libby, R., Libby, P. and Short, D. (n.d.).Financial accounting. Loughran, M. (2011).Financial accounting for dummies. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Spiceland, J., Thomas, W. and Herrmann, D. (n.d.).Financial accounting. Weaver, L. (2014).Managing the Transition to IFRS-Based Financial Reporting. New York, NY: John Wiley Sons. Weygandt, J., Kieso, D. and Kimmel, P. (n.d.).Financial accounting

The Stages of Sigmunds Freud Theory of Psychosexual Development Essay Example

The Stages of Sigmunds Freud Theory of Psychosexual Development Paper THE STAGES OF SIGMUND FREUDS THEORY OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT INTRODUCTION Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was a Viennese physician, trained in neurology that can be considered as the most influential of the psychodynamic theorists. He created an entirely new perspective on the study of human behavior, focusing on the unconscious instinct and urges rather than the conscious (Morris ; Maisto, 1998). Freud stressed that human nature was based more on desire than reason and ones past experiences as being the major determinants of future behavior and personality development. PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Turner Helms 1995 outlines that Freud devised a theory of personality that can be applied to the behavior of both child and adult. Freud theorised that there are three parts of personality, the ID, EGO and SUPEREGO. They become integrated through a sequence of stages. The ID is the source of basic biologic needs and desires. As outlined by Atkinson et al 2000, the id is an unconscious drive and operates according to the pleasure of hedonistic principle which means obtaining immediate pleasure and avoiding pain at all cost. The ids force operates at the unconscious level and drives the individual to desire instant gratification. The EGO is the conscious rational part of personality that emerges in early infancy to direct the id’s impulses at acceptable times and places to appropriate objects. Freud postulates that the ego exists solely to fulfill the aims of the id but that ego maturity develops as a means of restraining the ids demands. The ego operates by the, using intelligent reasoning, it delays satisfying the id’s desires until it can do so safely. Morris ; Maisto 1998) The SUPEREGO is the center of morality and conscience which develops from interaction with parents and the demands of society, and through the ego facing the task of reconciling the demands of the id, the external environment and with the internal superego. The superego acts as an internal restraint and moral guide to the id and ego. Atkinson et al 2000 describes the superego ‘as the internalised representative of the values and morals of society and comprises the individuals conscious as well as the image of the morally ideal person or the EGO IDEAL’. Berk 2009 ocuments that according to Freud the relationship established between the id, ego and superego during early development determines the individual’s basic personality. Conflict between the id, ego and superego causes anxiety and tension. The ego alleviates these stressors by either consciously or unconsciously creating protective devices called defenses mechanisms. PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT Morris ; Maisto 1998 outlined that while treating his adult patients Freud observed that a number of them had physical disabilities and nervous symptoms with no evidence of actual physical impairment. We will write a custom essay sample on The Stages of Sigmunds Freud Theory of Psychosexual Development specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Stages of Sigmunds Freud Theory of Psychosexual Development specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Stages of Sigmunds Freud Theory of Psychosexual Development specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He noted that through hypnotic therapy when these adults talked freely about painful childhood events it freed them of such problems as paralysis and hallucinations. Using these memories he examined the unconscious motivation of his adult patients and constructed his PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT (Berk 2000). Freud, in his psychosexual theory states that infants and children experience sexual feelings, although not as an adult would for intercourse but rather for pleasure, affection and gratification. Sexual instinct or EROS exerts a force or energy known as LIBIDO which is described as an unconscious, instinctive sex drive (Bee 2000). The libidinal energy and sexual impulses shift their focus from the oral to anal then genital regions of the body as the child matures; and represents a new stage in psychosexual development in terms of personality. The main focus of Freud’s theory emphasises that the methods parents use to manage their child’s sexual and aggressive drives in infancy are crucial for healthy personality development. It highlighted the importance of familial relationships for child development and stressed the formative role of early experience. Bee 2000 outlines that these stages are completed in a predetermined sequence resulting in success and a healthy personality or failure leading to a ‘fixation’ which is the preoccupation with a particular stage that causes distortion or disruption of development resulting in an unhealthy personality. The three stage of development are: * The Oral Stage * The Anal Stage * The Phallic Stage * The Latency Stage * The Genital Stage The Oral Stage This stage occurs from birth to eighteen months and the erogenous zone is the mouth, with the child gaining pleasure from sucking and biting, both of which are oral activities. The id is now directing all its attention to getting pleasure. The developmental task of this stage is weaning and developing a sense of independence (Bee 2000). Over gratification or under stimulation during this stage may lead to a fixation. If fixated the child could develop an oral personality, manifested by a preoccupation with oral activities such as smoking, overeating, nail biting or gum chewing. Characteristically they become overly dependent upon others, gullible and are perpetual followers; conversely they may develop pessimism and aggression (Feldman 2005). The Anal Stage This stage stretches from eighteen months to three years and the libido is now attached to the anal cavity and buttocks coinciding with the period of toilet training. The child and id gain satisfaction and pleasure from either expelling or withholding feces. The ego must step in to teach the child the appropriate ways to control these urges. They develop a fascination with their excretions, looking at it or even playing with it. If the adult expresses ideas that this is â€Å"messy† or â€Å"bad†, the child will in turn think that he/she is bad. Turner ; Helms 1995 states that the manner in which parents conduct toilet training especially the use of punishment and rewards can cause certain personality traits later. If the parent is too lenient and delays toilet training or allows the child to excrete maliciously this may lead to formation of an anal expulsive character. This individual is generally messy, reckless, careless, defiant and disorganized (Berk 2009). Berk 2009 states that conversely, if toilet training is forced or the parent is too strict and punishes the child consistently for minor accidents, an anal retentive character develops. This personality type is neat, precise, orderly, careful, stingy, obstinate and meticulous, but also be passively-aggressive. The Phallic Stage This stage is the most crucial sexual conflict in Freud’s model of development, occurring between three and five years. The libido is now connected to the sexual organs and both sexes gain pleasure from manipulating and fondling their genitals (Turner ; Helms 1995). Children develop curiosity towards the opposite sex. This stage coincides with social development involving imitation, gender-role development and identification; usually during preschool interaction. The child experiences sexual feelings toward the opposite-sex parent and wish to be rid of the same-sex parent so that they may have the opposite-sex parent to his/herself. This is identified as the OEDIPUS CONFLICT in boys and the ELECTRA CONFLICT in girls. Children resolve this conflict by learning to identify with the same-sex parent. Boys fear â€Å"castration† by their fathers for these sexual feeling towards their mothers. In this way they develop ‘castration anxiety’ and will repress these feelings to avoid punishment and reduce anxiety. The boys try to emulate their father in a process known as identification (Bee 2000). Atkinson et al 2000 defines identification as â€Å"internalizing an idealized perception of his father’s attitudes and values†. The boys become less anxious and develop their father’s characteristics and values. If resolution of this conflict is not positive boys will resent their fathers and generalize this resentment to authority figures in adulthood. Girls develop â€Å"penis envy† and feel cheated (Turner ; Helms 1995); blame is placed on the mother as she too has no penis and sexual attachment to the father. The mother is now seen as competition for their father’s affection. For resolution of this stage their attraction must be discontinued, girls seek to repress these feeling and identify with their mothers. A strong bond may still remain between the girl and her father and the girl tends to seek a husband with characteristics and values like her father. If these feelings are unresolved, it may lead to the girl becoming either a weak submissive woman with an unsecure personality or a strong, unusually seductive female. The identification process is critical. It means that the superego has fully developed. The relationship between the id, ego and superego at this time determines the child’s basic personality orientation. For both sexes fixation at this stage can result in a phallic character, one who is reckless, self-assured, resolute and narcissistic, being excessively vain and proud. This character is afraid or incapable of close love and affection. Fixation can result in sexual deviances, both overindulgence and avoidance, with a weak or confused sexual identity. Freud also postulates that fixation at this stage could be a major cause of homosexuality. The Latency Stage This stage is represented as a period of rest where sexuality lies dormant from ages six to the onset of puberty at eleven. Kaplan 1998 states the boys having repressed their sexual feelings for their mother now generalise this feeling to all females. Although, similarly girls identify with their mother, this is less severe and girls show less aversion to boys than boys do to girls. In this stage there is an increased awareness of personal identity and social interaction, especially peer group interaction. Attention is now focused on gaining skills needed for coping with the environment. The child seeks to develop character traits that are considered acceptable by society. The developmental task is ego and defense mechanism development. The Genital Stage This stage occurs from twelve to eighteen and coincides with the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics. Sexual pleasures are again associated with the genital zone. The young adolescent boy or girl turns their attention to a ‘boyfriend or girlfriend’. This is significant because it heralds the onset of mature adult sexuality, which is the developmental task for this stage. Bee 2000 states that Freud emphasizes that not everyone works through this period to the point of mature heterosexual feelings. He believed that any unresolved issues from the Oedipus and Electra conflict will resurface in this stage hindering complete sexual maturity. Both sexes will have issues coping with adult relationships resulting in interdependence on the related parent. Conclusion Stevenson 1996 states that as the child progresses normally through these stages resolving conflicts and moving on, the libido moves with the child. If fixation occurred at any stage the method of obtaining satisfaction or gratification which characterized that stage will dominate and affect the adult personality. Although Freud’s theory has served as a basis for the development of other theorist Kaplan 1998 states that is has also been the focal point for criticism. Little Hans was Freud’s only documented child patient and he was seen only once with the remainder of his analysis conducted via correspondence with the boy’s father. Freud’s theory was criticised because it overemphasised the influence of sexual feelings in development and was based on the recollection of problems of sexually repressed adults. Freud theory was difficult to relate to other instances as most of his theory was subjective not objective and scientific. However, the main reason Freud’s ideas were questioned was because he created a theory of childhood based on adult subjects and did not consider cultural influences.